One of the most radical things about Early Friends was their conviction that God / Christ was immediately available to them to direct their preaching and worship services, answer their questions, and guide their work on an immediate day to day basis. We cannot understand Friends’ approaches to worship, church government, or social justice without having a clear understanding of Quaker theology.

Direct revelation

Each person has access to direct guidance from God in the present time. This is meant George Fox said when he declared that “Christ has come to teach his people himself” and that this was a fundamental truth that he discovered “experimentally”.

The Light Within is the opening section of Faith & Practice of Philadelphia YM. It describes a direct-unmediated relationship with the Divine as central to all Quaker practices.

The opening chapter of Thomas Kelly’s 1941 Quaker devotional classic, A Testament of Devotion, describes “The Light Within” in much greater detail. In The Quaker Discovery Kelly explores importance Geroge Fox’s experience of direct revelation.

To hear and obey the Word of God is a brief quote from the pamphlet “On Leadings & Being Led” by Paul Lacey. …The Authority of Our Meetings is the Power of God is a Pendle Hill pamphlet by Paul Lacey, reflecting on how spiritual authority is understood and exercised among Friends both in the past and today.

Listening: To God and To Each Other is a 1983 talk by Dorothy Steere that describes her life-long experience of the inward attitude of open-hearted listening that is at the core of our relationship with God and with each other within a faith community.

Where We Are Changed is a talk by Noah Merrill on how God can pour into our lives and change us — not only as individuals but as a People.

To the Refreshing of the Children of the Light is a letter from the Christian pacifist writer Geoffrey Nuttall to the Religious Society of Friends, calling us back to our roots as “Children of the Light” (perhaps the first name Friends used to refer to their movement).

History

“The Seed, or Grace of God, is small in its first Appearance, even as the Morning Light; but as it is given Heed to, and obeyed, it will increase in Brightness, till it shine in the Soul, like the Sun in the Firmament at its Noon-day Height.” —Elizabeth Bathurst, 1655-1685

“The testimony of the Spirit is that alone by which the true knowledge of God hath been, is, and can be only revealed.” —Robert Barclay’s Apology for the True Christian Divinity

The above quote is near the beginning of Second Proposition “On Immediate Revelation”. Barclay is not easy reading for most Friends today. If you have the patience to read through this, Barclay walks the reader carefully through this critical foundation of all Quaker faith and practice.

“Art thou in darkness? mind it not, for if thou do it will fill thee more, but stand still and act not, and wait in patience till light arise out of darkness to lead thee.” —James Nayler, 1616-1660

“Sweet is this state, though low: for in it I receive my daily bread, which is given of the Lord; for I cannot live to him, but as he breathe the breath of life upon me every moment.” —Mary Penington (1623-1682)

In a passage (entitled here) And This I Knew Experimentally, George Fox describes when he first heard Christ’s voice in his heart after a period of lengthy seeking.

“I declared Truth amongst them, and directed them to the light of Christ in them; testifying unto them that God was come to teach His people Himself, whether they would hear or forbear. I directed the people to their inward Teacher, Christ Jesus, who would turn them from darkness to the light. Therefore I exhorted the people to come off all these things, and directed them to the spirit and grace of God in themselves, and to the light of Jesus in their own hearts, that they might come to know Christ, their free Teacher, to bring them salvation, and to open the Scriptures to them. —George Fox’s Journal

Thomas Kelly wrote an essay called The Quaker Discovery that describes how Fox and other early Friends came to a lived experience of being directly led by God within their community.

Who Is Christ?

Early Friends referred to their direct experiential relationship with God using a variety of different terms. The word they most often used was Christ. The sometimes used other words such as Light, Inward Light (though not “Inner Light”), The Seed, as Inward Teacher, and also as a “leading”. When they used the word Christ to refer to God’s inward work in all people, this is in some ways similar to how other Christians refer to the Holy Spirit. They did not (as some Christians did then and do today) use the term as simply part of Jesus’ name or as his title.

The word Christ is from a Greek word that means messiah or savior. Early Quakers believed that the living Christ was (as John 1 says) one with God from the beginning of time and still present in their midst in the present — teaching, healing, transforming, liberating, and leading their Quaker movement. They made no distinction between their present-time inward relationship with Christ and the historical Jesus.

On the other hand, some Friends today use the word Christ to refer to God’s spirit at work in their lives, but do not see this as identical with the historical Jesus — although they would presumably see this Inward Christ as central to God’s work through Jesus’ life and ministry, perhaps in a way unparalleled in human history.

Friends found these concepts in the Bible, especially in the Gospel of John (often referred to as the “Quaker Gospel”):

  • “In him was life, and the life was the light of all people. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overcome it…The true light, which enlightens everyone, was coming into the world.” (John 1)
  • As the Comforter (or helper or Advocate or Holy Spirit) that Jesus said God would send after his death to be with us forever. (John 14:16)
  • “Lo I am with you always. even unto the end of the world.” (Matt 28:20)
  • “Emmanuel” (“God-with-us”)
  • As “living water” (John 4:10)
  • As “true vine” (John 15).

Early Friends were unique in the extent to which they emphasized Christ’s active work in the present time —alive in their hearts and in their prophetic movement. Other Christians have tended to place more or even exclusive emphasis on God’s unique intervention in Jesus’ life, sacrificial death, and resurrection — and the critical role that Christ’s sacrifice and resurrection is viewed in saving humanity from original sin. The question of who Christ is and what Christ’s role is in salvation was a point of conflict between early Friends and their Puritan opponents. It was also a central point of deep contention among Friends, especially during and since the Great Schism of 1827-28 into the Hicksite and Orthodox branches of Friends. It continues to divide Friends today.

Christ in Catastrophe: An Inward Record by Emil Fuchs Who Found Serenity through Suffering is a 1949 Pendle Hill pamphlet on Fuchs’ experience of Christ helping him to make it through the horrors of World War II in Germany. Fuchs spent a year teaching at Pendle Hill after the war.

Edward Grubbs explores this issue in great depth in The Historic and Inward Christ, his 1914 Swarthmore Lecture to London YM.

Universal priesthood

Everyone has access to this experience. It is not restricted to an ordained clergy or to those who receive formal religious training. They felt that the “Seed” (inward presence of God) acted even in the lives of those like Muslims or Native Americans who had no formal knowledge about Christ or the Bible.

“Oh you Rulers & Judges, do you think to overcome us by keeping [our teachers and ring leaders] in prison?. Nay, Christ is our teacher, and he cannot be removed into a corner… The Lord does not speak to us in an unknown tongue, but in our own language do we hear him perfectly, whose voice is better than life… We cannot own the teaching that is of this world, but that which cometh immediately from God, and that is pure and refresheth the soul… and it causeth us to meet together, to worship the Lord as we ought to do.” —Esther Biddle The Trumpet of the Lord Sounded Forth unto These Three Nations, 1662

They were particularly opposed to the idea that religious intermediaries (priests, preachers) required special university preparation. Many of their own gospel ministers were relatively uneducated such as farmers or laborers. Very few had been through formal religious training at a school of divinity.

Go to the section on Leadings for more on how the faith community embraces the gifts of all its members without seeing some as higher or more valuable than others.

Universalism

Early Friends believed that God works in the hearts and lives of people of many different faith communities.

In his article The Inward Light: How Quakerism Unites Universalism & Christianity, Samuel Caldwell says that Quaker universalism challenges many exclusivist assumptions of conventional Christianity, while also remaining firmly rooted in biblical and Christians roots as central to our own spiritual path as Friends.

Committing to the Quaker Spiritual Path is a QuakerSpeak interview with Lloyd Lee Wilson of North Carolina (Conservative) YM. He suggests that although Quakers recognize many paths to God, our path is a unique one. And we are likely to flourish if we live into our own path fully, even those aspects that challenge us.

Peter Blood wrote an article “Many Paths to the Light: Quaker Universalism and Interfaith Solidarity” in Friends Journal’s October 2023 on Interfaith and Ecumenical issues.

Role of the Bible

Although early Friends considered the Bible to be a critical source of religious truth, they did not consider it higher than the direct revelation (Christ coming to teach His people himself). They believed it was impossible to understand the meaning of biblical passages unless one was living in the “life and power” in which the scriptures were originally given forth. They believed that their religious opponents misunderstood many key parts of the Bible because they were not living in this same direct, living relationship with God in their own day.

“I told them the gospel was the power of God, which was preached before Matthew, Mark, Luke and John or any of them were printed or written; and it was preached to every creature (of which a great part might never see or hear of those four books), so that every creature was to obey the power of God; for Christ, the spiritual Man, would judge the world according to the gospel, that is, according to His invisible power. When they heard this, they could not gainsay, for the truth came over them. I directed them to their teacher, the Grace of God, and shewed them the sufficiency of it, which would teach them how to live, and what to deny; and being obeyed, would bring them salvation. So to that grace I recommended them, and left them.” —George Fox’s Journal

Jack Smith of Ohio YM describes this in The Scripture as Understood & Used by Conservative Friends, making clear that Conservative Friends consider Christ as “The Word”, not written scripture.

The “Offices of Christ”

Friends experienced God as touching and shaping their lives in a number of distinct ways. They had an odd-sounding (to us) way of referring to this: namely, the “offices of Christ”. These “offices” (or roles or dimensions of Christ’s relationship to us) included king, prophet, counselor, comforter, shepherd, redeemer, mediator, reconciler, and teacher. We might add other roles to this list such as healer and peacemaker. These are all ways of talking about how God works in our lives in our own day—i.e. not just through redemptive acts of God as these played out through Jesus’ birth, death and resurrection. The point was that they believed that God spoke to them, led them, upheld them, guided them, healed them, lifted them up when they were discouraged, reproved them when they got off track, etc.

See: Sandra Cronk (founder of the “School of the Spirit“), discussion of “The Prophetic & Priestly Dimensions of Gospel Order” in Gospel Order: A Quaker Understanding of the Faithful Quaker Community.